Chapter 48

  1. Adekambi T, Colson P, Drancourt M. 2003. rpoB-based identification of non-pigmented and late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 41:5699-5708.
  2. Adekambi T, Drancourt M. 2004. Dissection of phylogenetic relationships among 19 rapidly growing Mycobacterium species by 16 rRNA, hsp65, sodA, recA and rpoB gene sequencing. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:2095-2105.
  3. Alander-Damsten YK, Brander EE, Paulin LG. 2003. Panniculitis, due to Mycobacterium smegmatis, in two Finnish cats. J Fel Med Surg 5:19-26.
  4. Alangaden GJ, Lerner SA. 1997. The clinical use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mycobacterial diseases. Clin Infect Dis 25:1213-1221.
  5. Albini S, Mueller S, Bornand V, et al. 2007. Cutaneous atypical mycobacteriosis due to Mycobacterium massiliense in a cat. Schweiz Arch Tierh 149:553-558.
  6. Allan GS, Wickham N. 1976. Mycobacterial granulomas in a cat diagnosed as leprosy. Feline Pract 6:33, 35-36.
  7. Allison N. 2006. Mycobacterium avium infection in a dog. Vet Med 101:14-18.
  8. Alexander KA, Pleydell E, Williams MC, et al. 2002. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an emerging disease of free-ranging wildlife. Emerg Infect Dis 8:598-601.
  9. Amaral L, Kristiansen JE, Vivieros M, et al. 2001. Activity of phenothiazines against antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review supporting further studies that may elucidate the potential use of thioridazine as antituberculosis therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 47:505-511.
  10. Appleyard GD, Clark EG. 2002. Histologic and genotypic characterization of a novel Mycobacterium species found in three cats. J Clin Microbiol 40:2425-2430.
  11. Aranaz A, Liebana E, Pickering X, et al. 1996. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cats and dogs. Vet Rec 138:276-280.
  12. Autschbach F, Eisold S, Hinz U, et al. 2005. High prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis IS900 DNA in gut tissue from individuals with Crohn's disease. Gut 54:944-949.
  13. Banerjee P, Chakrabarty AN, Dastidar SG. 1995. Propagation of Mycobacterium lepraemurium on supplemented minimal medium and its experimental pathogenesis. Indian J Med Res 102:104-113.
  14. Baral RM, Metcalfe SS, Krockenberger MB, et al. 2006. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in young cats: overrepresentation of Abyssinian cats. J Fel Med Surg 8:23-44.
  15. Barnes PF, Barrows SA. 1993. Tuberculosis in the 1990s. Ann Intern Med 119:400-410.
  16. Barnes PF, Cave MD. 2003. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 349:1149-1156.
  17. Barros PSM, Safatle AMV. 1997. Florida spots in dogs and cats. A clinical study in São Paulo—Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 34:276-277.
  18. Barrs VR, Martin P, James G, et al. 1999. Feline leprosy due to infection with novel mycobacterial species. Aust Vet Pract 29:159-164.
  19. Barry M, Taylor J, Woods JP. 2002. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a cat. Can Vet J 43:369-371.
  20. Bauer N, Burkhardt S, Kirsch A, et al. 2002. Lymphadenopathy and diarrhea in a miniature schnauzer. Vet Clin Pathol 31:61-64.
  21. Bauer NB, O’Neill E, Sheahan BJ, et al. 2004. Calcospherite-like bodies and caseous necrosis in tracheal mucus from a dog with tuberculosis. Vet Clin Pathol 33:168-172.
  22. Beccati M, Peano A, Gallo MG. 2007. Pyogranulomatous panniculitis caused by Mycobacterium alvei in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 48:664.
  23. Bengis RG. 1999. Tuberculosis in free-ranging mammals, pp 101-113. In Fowler M, Miller RE (eds): Zoo and wildlife medicine: current therapy 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  24. Bennett SL. 2007. Photosensitisation induced by clofazimine in a cat. Aust Vet J 85:375-380.
  25. Bercovier H, Vincent V. 2001. Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M. smegmatis, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M. genavense. Rev Sci Tech 20:265-290.
  26. Bermudez LE, Petrofsky M, Kolonoski P, et al. 1992. An animal model of Mycobacterium avium complex disseminated infection after colonization of the intestinal tract. J Infect Dis 165:75-79.
  27. Bermudez LE, Young LS. 1995. New drugs for the therapy of mycobacterial infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 8:428-437.
  28. Blackwood KS, He C, Gunton J, et al. 2000. Evaluation of recA sequences for identification of Mycobacterium species. J Clin Microbiol 38:2846-2852.
  29. Blauvelt M, Weiss D, McVey A, et al. 2001. Space-occupying lesion within the calvarium of a cat. Vet Clin Pathol 31:19-21.
  30. Bleck S, Boyer J. 1996. Personal communication. Lexington Veterinary Associates, Lexington, MA.
  31. Blunden AS, Smith KC. 1996. A pathological study of a mycobacterial infection in a cat caused by a variant with cultural characteristics between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis. Vet Rec 138:87-88.
  32. Boireau E, Andre-Fontaine G, Blanchard D, et al. 1994. Serological analysis by A6O antigen ELISA and BCG immunoblotting in domestic carnivores experimentally vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 281:85-94.
  33. Bonenberger TE, Ihrke PJ, Naydan DK, et al. 2001. Rapid identification of tissue micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from domestic animals using polyclonal BCG antibody. Vet Dermatol 12:41-47.
  34. Bonovska M, Tzvetkov Y, Najdenski H, et al. 2005. PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in experimentally infected dogs. J Vet Med B 52:165-170.
  35. Bottger EC, Hirschel B, Coyle MB. 1993. Mycobacterium genavense sp nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 43:841-843.
  36. Brady JG. 1998. Detection of mycobacterial infections using the Dieterle stain. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1:309-313.
  37. Briones V, de Juan L, Sanchez C, et al. 2000. Bovine tuberculosis and the endangered Iberian lynx. Emerg Infect Dis 6:189-191.
  38. Brown LR, May CD, Williams SE. 1962. A non-tuberculous granuloma in cats. NZ Vet J 10:7-9.
  39. Brown-Elliot BA, Wallace RJ Jr. 2002. Clinical and taxonomic status of pathogenic nonpigmented or late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:716-746.
  40. Brown-Elliot BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Crist CJ, et al. 2002. Comparison of in vitro activities of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin against four taxa of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3283-3285.
  41. Broxmeyer L, Sosnowska D, Miltner E. 2002. Killing of a Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a mycobacteriophage delivered by a nonvirulent Mycobacterium: a model for phage therapy of intracellular bacterial pathogens. J Infect Dis 186:1155-1160.
  42. Bryden SL, Burrows AK, O’Hara AJ. 2004. Mycobacterium goodii infection in a dog with concurrent hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Dermatol 15:331-338.
  43. Buergelt CD, Williams E, Monif GRG, et al. 2006. Nested polymerase chain reaction and prenatal detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) in bovine allantoic fluid and fetuses. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 4:232-238.
  44. Cammarata G, Caniatti M, Parodi-Cammarata M. 1991. Localizzazioni: e forme poco comuni di tubercolosi nel cane e nel gatto. Arch Vet Ital 42:112-129.
  45. Carpentier E, Drovillard B, Dailloux M, et al. 1995. Diagnosis of tuberculosis by Amplicor Mycobacterium tuberculosis test: a multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol 33:3106-3110.
  46. Castro KG, Jaffe HW. 2002. Rationale and methods for the national tuberculosis genotyping and surveillance network. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1188-1191.
  47. Cavanagh R, Bego M, Bennett M, et al. 2002. Mycobacterium microti infection (vole tuberculosis) in wild rodent populations. J Clin Microbiol 40:3281-3285.
  48. Chakravorty S, Sen SM, Tyagi JS. 2005. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by smear, culture, and PCR using universal sample processing technology. J Clin Microbiol 43:4357-4362.
  49. Chakravorty S, Tyagi JS. 2005. Novel multipurpose methodology for detection of mycobacteria in pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens by smear microscopy, culture, and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 43:2697-2702.
  50. Charles J, Martin P, Wigney DI, et al. 1999. Pathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome. Aust Vet J 77:799-803.
  51. Chen ZH, Butler WR, Baumstark BR, et al. 1996. Identification and differentiation of Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 34:1267-1269.
  52. Cheng AF, Tai VH, Li MS, et al. 1999. Improved recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from pleural bedside aspirates: bedside inoculation, heparinized containers, and liquid culture media. Scand J Infect Dis 31:485-487.
  53. Chetchotisakd P, Mootsilkapumn P, Anunnatsiri S, et al. 2000. Disseminated infection due to rapidly growing mycobacteria in immunocompetent hosts presenting with chronic lymphadenopathy: a previously unrecognized clinical entity. Clin Infect Dis 30:29-34.
  54. Cho H-S, Kim Y-H, Park N-Y. 2006. Disseminated mycobacteriosis due to Mycobacterium avium in captive Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). J Vet Diagn Invest 18:312-314.
  55. Clarridge JE, Shawar RM, Shinnick TM, et al. 1993. Large scale use of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a routine mycobacteriology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 31:2049-2056.
  56. Cleaveland S, Mlengeya T, Kazwala RR, et al. 2005. Tuberculosis in Tanzanian wildlife. J Wildl Dis 41:446-453.
  57. Clercx C, Coignoul F, Jakovljevic S, et al. 1992. Tuberculosis in dogs: a case report and review of the literature. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:207-211.
  58. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2003. Susceptibility testing of mycobacteria, nocardiae and other aerobic actinomycetes; approved standard (No. Document M24-A). Wayne, PA.
  59. Collins FM. 1994. The immune response to mycobacterial infection. Development of new vaccines. Vet Microbiol 40:95-110.
  60. Colombo RE, Olivier KN. 2008. Diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Semin Resp Crit Care 29:577-588.
  61. Cooke MM, Alley MR, Duignan PJ, et al. 1999. Tuberculosis in wild and feral animals in New Zealand. Infect Dis Rev 1:241-247.
  62. Corn JL, Manning EJB, Sreevatsan S, et al. 2005. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from free-ranging birds and mammals on livestock premises. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:6963-6967.
  63. Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn CJ, et al. 1998. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 4:59-70.
  64. Courtin F, Huerre M, Fyfe J, et al. 2007. A case of feline leprosy caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium originating from the island of Kythira (Greece): diagnosis and treatment. J Fel Med Surg 9:238-241.
  65. Cousins DV, Francis BR, Gow BL. 1989. Advantages of a new agar medium in the primary isolation of Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Microbiol 20:89-95.
  66. Couto SS, Artacho CA. 2007. Mycobacterium fortuitum pneumonia in a cat and the role of lipid in the pathogenesis of atypical mycobacterial infections. Vet Pathol 44:543-546.
  67. Covert TC, Rodgers MR, Reyes AL, et al. 1999. Occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2492-2496.
  68. da Silva Machado ML, Baptista NI, Breitsameter I. 2004. [Occurrence of corneal opacities (Florida spots) in cats referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital/UFRGS]. Acta Sci Vet 32:65-68.
  69. Davies JL, Sibley JA, Myers S, et al. 2006. Histological and genotypical characterization of feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis: a retrospective study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Vet Dermatol 17:155-162.
  70. Dean R, Gunn-Moore D, Shaw S, et al. 2006. Bovine tuberculosis in cats. Vet Rec 158:419-420.
  71. de Bolla GJ. Tuberculosis in a cat. Vet Rec 1994;134:336.
  72. deBruyn G, Garner P. 2001. Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001166.
  73. Deforges L, Boulouis HJ, Thibaud JL, et al. 2004. First isolation of Mycobacterium microti (Llama-type) from a dog. Vet Microbiol 103:249-253.
  74. 73a. de Groot PHS, van Ingen J, de Zwaan R, et al. 2010. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium infection in a cat, the Netherlands. Vet Microbiol 144:527-529.
  75. De Groote MA, Huitt G. 2006. Infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 42:1756-1763.
  76. Delahay RFJ, De Leeuw ANS, Barlow AM, et al. 2002. The status of Mycobacterium bovis infection in UK wild mammals: a review. Vet J 164:901-905.
  77. Delahay RJ, Cheeseman CL, Clifton-Hadley RS. 2001. Wildlife disease reservoirs: the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in the European badger (Meles meles) and other British mammals. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 81:43-49.
  78. Delahay RJ, Smith GC, Barlow AM, et al. 2007. Bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in the South-West region of England: a survey of prevalence and a semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle. Vet J 173:287-301.
  79. De Lisle GW. 1993. Mycobacterial infections in cats and dogs. Surveillance 20:24-26.
  80. De Lisle GW, Collins DM, Loveday AS, et al. 1990. A report of tuberculosis in cats in New Zealand and the examination of strains of Mycobacterium bovis by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. NZ Vet J 38:10-13.
  81. DeLorenzi D, Solano-Gallego L. 2009. Tracheal granuloma because of infection with a novel mycobacterial species in an old FIV-positive cat. J Small Anim Pract 50:143-146.
  82. Dewevre PJ, McAlister HA, Schirmer RG, et al. 1977. Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:68-70.
  83. Deykin AR, Wigney DI, Smih JS, et al. 1996. Corneal granuloma caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare in a cat. Aust Vet Pract 26:23-26.
  84. Dietrich U, Arnold P, Guscetti F, et al. 2003. Ocular manifestation of disseminated Mycobacterium simiae infection in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 44:121-125.
  85. Domenech P, Menendez MC, Garcia MJ. 1994. Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms of 16s ribosomal-RNA genes in the differentiation of fast-growing mycobacterial species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 116:19-24.
  86. Dorman SE, Heller HM, Basgoz NO, et al. 1998. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for patients whose treatment for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection has failed. Clin Infect Dis 26:682-686.
  87. Eggers JS, Parker GA, Braaf HA, et al. 1997. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in three miniature schnauzer littermates. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:424-427.
  88. Ellis MD, Davies S, McCandlish IAP, et al. 2006. Mycobacterium bovis infection in a dog. Vet Rec 159:46-49.
  89. Elsner L, Wayne J, O’Brien CR, et al. 2008. Localised Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in a cat in Australia. J Fel Med Surg 10:407-412.
  90. Erwin PC, Bemis DA, Mawby DI, et al. 2004. Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission from human to canine. Emerg Infect Dis 10:2258-2260.
  91. Evans LM. 1995. Mycobacterial lymphadenitis in a cat. Feline Pract 23:14-17.
  92. Falkinham JO III. 2003. Mycobacterial aerosols and respiratory disease. Emerg Infect Dis 9:763-767.
  93. 91a. Fenton KA, Fitzgerald SD, Kaneene JB, et al. 2010. Comparison of three immunodiagnostic assays for antemortem detection of Mycobcterium bovis stimulation in domestic cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:724-729.
  94. Fernández-Roblas R, Martin-de-Hijas NZ, Fernández-Martínez AI, et al. 2008. In vitro activities of tigecycline and 10 other antimicrobials against nonpigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:4184-4186.
  95. Finnie J. 1978. Mycobacterial skin granuloma in a dog. Aust Vet J 54:506.
  96. Fischer CA, Peiffer RL. 1987. Acid fast organisms associated with corneal opacities in a dog, pp 241-243. 18th Annual Science Program of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Nov 5-8.
  97. Foley JE, Borjesson D, Gross TL, et al. 2002. Clinical, microscopic and molecular aspects of canine leproid granuloma in the United States. Vet Pathol 9:234-239.
  98. Formston C. 1994. Retinal detachment and bovine tuberculosis in cats. J Small Anim Pract 35:5-8.
  99. Foster SF, Martin P, Davis W, et al. 1999. Chronic pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium thermoresistibile in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 40:433-438.
  100. Fox LE, Kunkle GA, Homer BL, et al. 1995. Disseminated subcutaneous Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:53-55.
  101. Frank LA. 1990. Clinical pharmacology of rifampin. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:114-117.
  102. 99a. Frank W, Reisinger EC, Brandt-Hamerla W, et al. 2009. Mycobacterium microti–pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 121:282-286.
  103. Frieden TR, Sterling T, Pablos-Mendez A, et al. 1993. The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. N Engl J Med 328:521-526.
  104. Fyfe J. 2009. Unpublished observations. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
  105. Frye FL, Carney JD, Loughman WD. 1974. Feline lepromatous leprosy. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1272-1273.
  106. Fyfe JA, McCowan C, O’Brien CR, et al. 2008. Molecular characterization of a novel fastidious Mycobacterium causing lepromatous lesions of the skin, subcutis, cornea, and conjunctiva of cats living in Victoria, Australia. J Clin Microbiol 46:618-626.
  107. Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Garcia ACG. 1993. In vitro activities of quinolones against mycobacteria. J Antimicrobial Chemother 32:797-808.
  108. Gay G, Burbidge HM, Bennett P, et al. 2000. Pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis infection in a dog. N Z Vet J 48:78-81.
  109. Gee BR, Schiefer B, Ward GE. 1975. Disease resembling feline leprosy. Can Vet J 16:30.
  110. Glanemann B, Schönenbrücher H, Bridger N, et al. 2008. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-specific DNA by PCR in intestinal biopsies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 22:1090-1094.
  111. Govendir M, Hansen T, Kimble B, et al. 2009. Clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin for treating rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) infections in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 32(Suppl):S71.
  112. Govendir M, Hansen T, Kimble B, et al. 2011. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from cats and dogs to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Vet Microbiol 147:113-118.
  113. Gow AG. 2006. What is your diagnosis? J Small Anim Pract 47:484-485.
  114. Gow AG, Gow DJ. 2008. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a dog. Vet Rec 162:594-595.
  115. Grange JM, Yates MD, Boughton E. 1990. A review: the avian tubercle bacillus and its relatives. J Appl Bacteriol 68:411-431.
  116. Greene CE. 1990. Tuberculous mycobacterial infections, pp 558-566. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 1. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  117. Greene CE. 2003. Unpublished observations. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
  118. Greene CE, Gunn-Moore DA. 1990. Mycobacterial infections. Tuberculous and mycobacterial infections, pp 313-321. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 1. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  119. Greene CE, Gunn-Moore DA. 1998. Mycobacterial infections Tuberculous and mycobacterial infections, pp 313-325. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  120. Greene CE, Gunn-Moore DA. 2006. Infections caused by slow-growing mycobacteria, pp 462-477. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 3. Elsevier, St Louis.
  121. Griffin A, Newton AL, Aronson LR, et al. 2003. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection following renal transplantation in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1097-1101.
  122. Grooters AM, Couto CG, Andrews JM, et al. 1995. Systemic Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:200-202.
  123. Gross TL, Connely MR. 1983. Nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infections in dogs. Vet Pathol 20:117-119.
  124. Guille AE, Tseng WL, Orsher RJ. 2007. Use of vacuum-assisted closure for management of a large skin wound in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1669-1673.
  125. Gunn-Moore DA. 2004. Unpublished observations. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
  126. Gunn-Moore DA, Jenkins PA. 1994. Tuberculosis in cats. Vet Rec 134:336.
  127. Gunn-Moore DA, Jenkins JA, Lucke VM. 1996. Feline tuberculosis: a literature review and discussion of 19 cases caused by an unusual mycobacterial variant. Vet Rec 138:53-58.
  128. Hackendahl NC, Mawby DI, Bemis DA, et al. 2004. Putative transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection from a human to a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1573-1577.
  129. Haddad N, Masselot M, Durand B. 2004. Molecular differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis isolates. Review of main techniques and applications. Res Vet Sci 76:1-18.
  130. Haist V, Seehusen F, Moser I, et al. 2008. Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection in 2 pet dogs, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 14:988-990.
  131. Han XY. 2008. Seasonality of clinical isolation of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Epidemiol Infect 136:1188-1191.
  132. Han XY. 2009. Personal communication. University of Texas, Houston.
  133. Han XY, Dé I, Jacobson KL. 2007. Rapidly growing mycobacteria—clinical and microbiologic studies of 115 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 128:612-621.
  134. Han XY, Seo YH, Sizer KC, et al. 2008. A new Mycobacterium species causing diffuse lepromatous leprosy. Am J Clin Pathol 130:856-864.
  135. Han XY, Sizer KC, Thompson EJ, et al. 2009. Comparative sequence analysis of Mycobacterium leprae and the new leprosy-causing Mycobacterium lepromatosis. J Bacteriol 191:6067-6074.
  136. Hanson T, Govendir M, Malik R. 2009. Unpublished observations. Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
  137. Helman RG, Russell WC, Jenny A, et al. 1998. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in two snow leopards using polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:89-92.
  138. Henderson SM, Baker J, Williams R, et al. 2003. Opportunistic mycobacterial granuloma in a cat associated with a member of the Mycobacterium terrae complex. J Fel Med Surg 5:37-41.
  139. Hoffner S, Klintz L, Olsson-Liljequist B, et al. 1994. Evaluation of Etest for rapid susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium chelonae and M. fortuitum. J Clin Microbiol 32:1846-1849.
  140. Holland SM. 2007. Interferon gamma, IL-12, IL12R and STAT-1 immunodeficiency diseases: disorders of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Res 38:342-346.
  141. Hoop RK, Böttger EC, Pfyffer GE. 1996. Etiological agents of mycobacterioses in pet birds between 1986 and 1995. J Clin Microbiol 34:991-992.
  142. Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. 1991. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents. N Engl J Med 324:384-393.
  143. Horn B, Forshaw D, Cousins D, et al. 2000. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a dog with chronic diarrhea. Aust Vet J 78:320-325.
  144. Horne KS, Kunkle GA. 2009. Clinical outcome of cutaneous rapidly growing mycobacterial infections in cats in the south-eastern United States: a review of 10 cases (1996-2006). J Fel Med Surg 11:627-632.
  145. Horsburgh CR. 1991. Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 324:1332-1338.
  146. Hosoe K, Mae T, Yamashita K, et al. 1996. Identification and antimicrobial activity of urinary metabolites of a rifamycin derivative in a dog. Xenobiotica 26:321-332.
  147. Hughes MS, Ball NW, Beck LA, et al. 1997. Determination of the etiology of presumptive feline leprosy by 16S rRNA Gene Analysis. J Clin Microbiol 35:2464-2471.
  148. Hughes MS, Ball NW, Love DN, et al. 1999. Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection in a FIV-positive cat. J Fel Med Surg 1:23-29.
  149. Hughes MS, James G, Ball N, et al. 2000. Identification by 16S rRNA gene analysis of a potential novel mycobacterial species as an aetiological agent of canine leproid granuloma syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 38:953-959.
  150. Hughes MS, James G, Taylor MJ, et al. 2004. PCR studies of feline leprosy cases. J Fel Med Surg 6:235-243..
  151. Huitema H, Jaartsveld FHJ. 1967. Mycobacterium microti infection in a cat and some pigs. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 33:209-212.
  152. Huitema H, van Vloten J. 1960. Murine tuberculosis in a cat. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 29:235-240.
  153. Hunt GB. 1995. Skin-fold advancement flaps for closing large sternal and inguinal wounds in cats and dogs. Vet Surg 24:172-175.
  154. Hunt GB, Tisdall PLC, Liptak JM, et al. 2001. Skin-fold advancement flaps for closing large proximal limb and trunk defects in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 30:440-448.
  155. Inderlied CB, Kemper CA, Bermudez LEM. 1993. The Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin Microbiol Rev 6:266-310.
  156. Irwin PJ, Whithear K, Lavelle RB, et al. 2000. Acute bronchopneumonia associated with Mycobacterium fortuitum in a dog. Aust Vet J 78:254-257.
  157. Iseman MD. 1989. Mycobacterium avium complex and the normal host. N Engl J Med 321:896-898.
  158. Jackson R, de Lisle GW, Morris RS. 1995. A study of the environmental survival of Mycobacterium bovis on a farm in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 43:346-352.
  159. Jacobs MR. 1999. Activity of quinolones against mycobacteria. Drugs 58:19-22.
  160. Jang SS, Eckhaus MA, Saunders G. 1984. Pulmonary Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:96-98.
  161. Jang SS, Hirsh DC. 2002. Rapidly growing members of the genus Mycobacterium affecting dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:217-220.
  162. Jassies-van der Lee A, Houwers DJ, Meertens N, et al. 2009. Localised pyogranulomatous dermatitis due to Mycobacterium abscessus in a cat: a case report. Vet J 179:304-306.
  163. Ji BH, Chen JK, Lu XH, et al. 1986. Antimycobacterial activities of 2 newer ansamycins, R-76-1 and Dl 473. Int J Leprosy 54:563-577.
  164. Jones B. 1996. Personal communication. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
  165. Jordan HL, Cohn LA, Armstrong DJ. 1994. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in three Siamese cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:90-93.
  166. Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, et al. 1997. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 35:907-914.
  167. Kaneene JB, Bruning-Fann CS, Dunn J, et al. 2002. Epidemiologic investigation of Mycobacterium bovis in a population of cats. Am J Vet Res 63:1507-1511.
  168. Kaneene JB, Thoen CO. 2004. Tuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:685-691.
  169. Kato L, Gozsy B. 1966. Limited multiplication of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in parabiotic culture, as influenced by osmolarity of alkaline-galactomannan medium. J Bacteriol 91:1859-1862.
  170. Kaufman AC, Greene CE, Rakich P, et al. 1995. Treatment of localized Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a cat with clofazimine and doxycycline. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:457-459.
  171. Keet DF, Kriek NPJ, Benjis RG, et al. 1996. Tuberculosis in buffaloes (Syncercus caffer) in the Kruger National Park: spread of the disease to other species. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 63:239-244.
  172. Keet DF, Kriek NPJ, Michel A. 2000. Tuberculosis and its geographical distribution in free-ranging lions in the Kruger national park. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, August 13-17, Cambridge, UK.
  173. 169a. Keet DF, Michel AL, Bengis RG, et al. 2010. Intradermal tuberculin testing of wild African lions (Panthera leo) naturally exposed to infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Microbiol 144:384-391.
  174. Kiehn TE, Hoefer H, Bottger EC, et al. 1996. Mycobacterium genavense infections in pet animals. J Clin Microbiol 34:1840-1842.
  175. Kim BJ, Lee SH, Lyu MA, et al. 1999. Identification of mycobacterial species by comparative sequence analysis of the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB). J Clin Microbiol 37:1714-1720.
  176. Kim DY, Cho DY, Newton JC, et al. 1994. Granulomatous myelitis due to Mycobacterium avium in a dog. Vet Pathol 31:491-493.
  177. Kipar A, Schiller I, Baumgärner W. 2003. Immunopathological studies on feline cutaneous and (muco)cutaneous mycobacteriosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 91:169-182.
  178. Kirberger RM, Keet DF, Wagner WM. 2006. Radiologic abnormalities of the appendicular skeleton of the lion (Panthera leo): incidental findings and Mycobacterium bovis-induced changes. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:145-152.
  179. Kirschner RA, Parker BC, Falkinham JO. 1992. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculosis mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:271-275.
  180. Kline S, Cameron S, Streifel A, et al. 2004. An outbreak of bacteremias associated with Mycobacterium mucogenicum in a hospital water supply. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25:1042-1049.
  181. Knippel A, Hetzel U, Baumgärtner W. 2004. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in a Persian cat. J Vet Med B 51:464-466.
  182. Kocagoz T, Yilmaz E, Ozkara S, et al. 1993. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples by polymerase chain reaction using a simplified procedure. J Clin Microbiol 31:1435-1438.
  183. Kremer K, van Soolingen D, van Embden J, et al. 1998. Mycobacterium microti: more widespread than previously thought. J Clin Microbiol 36:2793-2794.
  184. 179a. Krimer PM, Phillips KM, Miller DM, et al. 2010. Panniculitis attributable to Mycobacterium goodie in an immunocompetent dog in Georgia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:1056-1059.
  185. Kulski JK, Khinsoe C, Pryce T, et al. 1995. Use of a multiplex PCR to detect and identify Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare in blood culture fluids of AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 33:668-674.
  186. Kunkle GA. 1990. Lepromatous and atypical mycobacterial infections, pp 567-569. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 1. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  187. Kunkle GA, Gulbas NK, Fakok V, et al. 1983. Rapidly growing mycobacteria as a cause of cutaneous granulomas: report of five cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:513-521.
  188. Lamagna B, Paciello O, Ragozzino M, et al. 2009. Isolated lepromatous conjunctivo-corneal granuloma in a cat from Italy. Vet Ophthalmol 12:97-101.
  189. Lamy B, Marchandin H, Hamitouche K, et al. 2008. Mycobacterium setense sp nov. a Mycobacterium fortuitum-group organism isolated from a patient with soft-tissue infection and osteitis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:486-490.
  190. Lantos A, Niemann S, Mezosi L, et al. 2003. Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis subsp caprae in captive Siberian tiger. Emerg Infect Dis 9:1462-1464.
  191. Larsson CE, Michalany NS, Pinheiro SR, et al. 1994. Mycobacteriosis in domestic dogs. Report of two cases in Sao Paulo. Rev Fac Med Vet Zootec Univ Sao Paulo 31:35-41.
  192. Latimer KS, Jameson PH, Crowell WA, et al. 1997. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a cat: presumptive diagnosis by blood smear examination. Vet Clin Pathol 26:85-89.
  193. Lawrence WE, Wickham N. 1963. Cat leprosy: infection by a bacillus resembling Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Aust Vet J 39:390-393.
  194. Lee E, Holzman RS. 2000. Evolution and current use of the tuberculin test. Clin Infect Dis 34:365-370.
  195. Lehtola MJ, Torvinen E, Kusnetsov J, et al. 2007. Survival of Mycobacterium avium, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and caliciviruses in drinking water-associated biofilms grown under high-shear turbulent flow. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2854-2859.
  196. Leiker DA, Poelma FG. 1974. On the etiology of cat leprosy. Int J Leprosy 42:312-315.
  197. Lemarie SL. 1999. Mycobacterial dermatitis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1291-1301.
  198. Lewis DT, Hodgin EC, Foil CS, et al. 1994. Experimental reproduction of feline Mycobacterium fortuitum panniculitis. Vet Dermatol 5:189-195.
  199. Lewis DT, Kunkle GA. 1998. Feline Leprosy, pp 321-324. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  200. Lui S, Weitzman I, Johnson GG. 1980. Canine tuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:164-167.
  201. Lumeij JT, Hajer R, Dik KJ, et al. 1987. Diagnosis of pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis in a tiger. Vet Rec 120:302-304.
  202. 196a. Malik R. 2010. Letter to the editor. Vet Ophthalmol 13:67.
  203. Malik R. 2003. Unpublished observations. University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
  204. Malik R. 2004. Mycobacterial diseases affecting the skin or subcutis of cats and dogs. Vet Dermatol 15(Suppl 1):16.
  205. Malik R, Gabor L, Maratin P, et al. 1998. Subcutaneous granuloma caused by Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a cat. Aust Vet J 76:604-607.
  206. Malik R, Govendir M, Norris J. 2009. Unpublished observations. University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
  207. Malik R, Hughes MS, James G, et al. 2002. Feline leprosy: two different clinical syndromes. J Fel Med Surg 4:43-59.
  208. Malik R, Hughes MS, Martin P, et al. 2006. Feline leprosy syndromes, pp 477-480. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 3. Elsevier, St Louis.
  209. Malik R, Hughes MS, Martin P, et al. 2006. Canine leproid granuloma syndrome (canine leprosy), pp 480-482. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 3. Elsevier, St Louis.
  210. Malik R, Hunt GB, Goldsmid SE, et al. 1994. Diagnosis and treatment of pyogranulomatous panniculitis due to Mycobacterium smegmatis in cats. J Small Anim Pract 35:524-530.
  211. Malik R, Love DN, Wigney DI, et al. 1998. Mycobacterial nodular granulomas affecting the subcutis and skin of dogs (canine leproid granuloma syndrome). Aust Vet J 76:403-407.
  212. Malik R, Martin P, Wigney DI, et al. 2001. Treatment of canine leproid granuloma syndrome: preliminary findings in seven dogs. Aust Vet J 79:30-36.
  213. Malik R, Martin P, Wigney D, et al. 2006. Infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria, pp 482-488. In Greene CE (ed): Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 3. Elsevier, St Louis.
  214. Malik R, Norris J, White J, et al. 2006. "Wound cat." J Fel Med Surg 8:135-140.
  215. Malik R, Shaw SE, Griffin C, et al. 2004. Infections of the subcutis and skin of dogs caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Small Anim Pract 45:485-494.
  216. Malik R, Wigney D I, Dawson D, et al. 2000. Infection of the subcutis and skin of cats with rapidly growing mycobacteria: a review of microbiological and clinical findings. J Fel Med Surg 2:35-48.
  217. Manarolla G, Liandris E, Pisoni, G, et al. 2009. Avian mycobacteriosis in companion bird: 20-year survey. Vet Microbiol 133:323-327.
  218. Manson K. 2009. Dermcare. Springwood, Queensland, Australia.
  219. Mason KV, Wilkinson GT, Blacklock Z. 1989. Some aspects of mycobacterial diseases of the dog and cat, pp 36-37. In Proceedings from the 5th Annual AAVD and ACVD Members’ Meeting, St Louis.
  220. Matthews JA, Liggitt HD. 1983. Disseminated mycobacteriosis in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:701-702.
  221. Maudlin EA, Goldschmidt MH, Rankin SC. 2004. Canine leproid granuloma in the northeastern United States. Vet Dermatol 15(Suppl 1):71.
  222. McKinsey DS, Dykstra M, Smith DL. 1995. The terrier and the tendonitis. N Engl J Med 5:332.
  223. Mealey KL, Willard MD, Nagode LA, et al. 1999. Hypercalcemia associated with granulomatous disease in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:959-962.
  224. Melendez LD, Twedt DC, Wright M. 2000. Suspected doxycycline-induced esophagitis with esophageal stricture formation in three cats. Feline Pract 28:10-12.
  225. Michalak K, Austin C, Diesel S, et al. 1998. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as a zoonotic disease: transmission between humans and elephants. Emerg Infect Dis 4:283-287.
  226. Michaud AJ. 1994. The use of clofazimine as treatment for Mycobacterium fortuitum in a cat. Feline Pract 22:7-9.
  227. Michel AL, Bengis RG, Keet DF, et al. 2006. Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: implications and challenges. Vet Microbiol 112:91-100.
  228. Michel AL, Coetzee ML, Keet DF, et al. 2009. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from free-ranging wildlife in South African game reserves. Vet Microbiol 133:335-343.
  229. Michel AL, Huchzermeyer HF. 1998. The zoonotic importance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: transmission from human to monkey. J S Afr Vet Assoc 69:64-65.
  230. 223a. Mijs W, de Haas P, Rossau R, et al. 2002. Molecular evidence to support a proposal to reserve the designation Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium for bird-type isolates and "M. avium subsp. hominissuis" for the human/porcine type of M. avium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1505-1518.
  231. Miller J, Jenny A, Rhyan J, et al. 1996. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), p 82. In Proceedings of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Little Rock.
  232. Miller MA, Fales WH, McCracken WS, et al. 1999. Inflammatory pseudotumor in a cat with cutaneous mycobacteriosis. Vet Pathol 36:161-163.
  233. Miller MA, Greene CE, Brix AE. 1995. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection in a miniature schnauzer. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:213-216.
  234. Moines B, de la Rua R, Jahans K. 2006. Bovine tuberculosis in cats. Vet Rec 158:245-246.
  235. Moines B, de la Rua R, Jahans K. 2006. Bovine tuberculosis in cats. Vet Rec 158:490-491.
  236. Monies RJ, Cranwell MP, Palmer N, et al. 2000. Bovine tuberculosis in domestic cats. Vet Rec 146:407-408.
  237. Monroe WE, August JR, Chickering WR. 1988. Atypical mycobacterial infections in cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract 10:1044-1048.
  238. Montali RJ, Bush M, Cromie R, et al. 1998. Primary Mycobacterium avium complex infections correlate with lowered cellular immune reactivity in Matschie's tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus matschiei). J Infect Dis 178:1719-1725.
  239. Montali RM, Mikota SK, Cheng LI. 2001. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in zoo and wildlife species. Rev Sci Tech 20:291-303.
  240. Morfitt DC, Matthews JA, Thoen CO, et al. 1989. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium serotype 1 infection in a seven month old cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 1:354-356.
  241. Mori T, Kohsaka K. 1986. Identification of cat leprosy bacillus grown in mice. Int J Leprosy 54:584-595.
  242. Moriello KA. 2007. Clinical snapshot. Feline leprosy. Compend Contin Educ Vet 29:256, 261.
  243. Morita Y, Kimur H, Kozawa K, et al. 2003. Cutaneous infection in a cat caused by Mycobacterium avium complex serovar 6. Vet Rec 152:120.
  244. Morris PJ, Thoen CO, Legendre AM. 1996. Pulmonary tuberculosis in an African lion (Panthera leo). J Zoo Wildl Med 27:392-396.
  245. Nakamura M. 1999. For the growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cell-free liquid medium, the key essential factor may be the pH (optimal 6.0 to 6.2) of the culture medium, rather than the presence of α-ketoglutaric acid. Jpn J Lepros 68:157-163.
  246. Naughton JF, Mealey KL, Wardrop KJ, et al. 2005. Systemic Mycobacterium avium infection in a dog diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of buffy coat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41;128-132.
  247. Ngan N, Morris A, de Chalain T. 2005. Mycobacterium fortuitum infection caused by a cat bite. NZ Med J. http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1211/1354/. Accessed 1/23/11.
  248. Niemann S, Richter E, Dalugge-Tamm H, et al. 2000. Two cases of Mycobacterium microti-derived tuberculosis in HIV-negative immunocompetent patients. Emerg Infect Dis 6:539-542.
  249. 241a. O’Brien CR. 2011. Personal communication, University of Melbourne, Parkeville, Victoria.
  250. Oevermann A, Pfyffer GE, Zanolari P, et al. 2004. Generalized tuberculosis in llamas (Lama glama) due to Mycobacterium microti. J Clin Microbiol 42:1818-1821.
  251. Ogawa T, Motomura K. 1970. Studies on murine leprosy bacillus. 1. Attempt to cultivate in vitro the Hawaiian strain of Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Kitasato Arch Exp Med 43:21-36.
  252. Oh P, Granich R, Scott J, et al. 2002. Human exposure following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a metropolitan zoo. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1290-1293.
  253. O’Toole D, Tharp S, Thomsen BV, et al. 2005. Fatal mycobacteriosis with hepatosplenomegaly in a young dog due to Mycobacterium avium. J Vet Diagn Invest 17:200-204.
  254. 245a. Phan TA, Relic J. 2010. Sporotrichoid Mycobacterium marinum infection of the face following a cat scratch. Australasian J Dermatol 51:45-48.
  255. Palmer MV, Stoffregen WC, Carpenter JG, et al. 2005. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map) from feral cats on a dairy farm with Map-infected cattle. J Wildl Dis 41:629-635.
  256. Parson SD, Gous TA, Warren RM, et al. 2008. Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Beijing strain) infection in a stray dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc 79:95-98.
  257. Pattyn SR, Portaels F. 1980. In vitro cultivation and characterization of Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Int J Leprosy 48:7-14.
  258. Paulsen DB, Kern MR, Weigand CM. 2000. Mycobacterial neuritis in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1569, 1589-1591.
  259. Pederson NC. 1988. Atypical mycobacteriosis. p 197. In Pedersen NC (ed): Feline infectious diseases. American Veterinary Publications, Goleta, CA.
  260. Peters DH, Clissold SP. 1992. Clarithromycin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. Drugs 44:117-164.
  261. Phillips MS, von Reyn CF. 2001. Nosocomial infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 33:1363-1374.
  262. Picardeau M, Vincent V. 1996. Typing of Mycobacterium avium isolates by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 34:389-392.
  263. Plaus WJ, Hermann G. 1994. The surgical management of superficial infections caused by atypical mycobacteria. Surgery 110:99-103.
  264. Poelma FG, Leiker DL. 1974. Cat leprosy in the Netherlands. Int J Leprosy 42:307-311.
  265. Portaels F, Pattyn SR, Francken A. 1982. In vitro sensitivity of Mycobacterium lepraemurium for antimycobacterial drugs. Arzneimittelforschung 32:1123-1124.
  266. 256a. Posthaus H, Bodmer T, Alves L, et al. 2010. Accidental infection of veterinary personnel with Mycobacterium tuberculosis at necropsy: A case study. Vet Microbiol 149:374-380.
  267. Pressler BM, Hardie EM, Pitulle C, et al. 2002. Isolation and identification of Mycobacterium kansasii from pleural fluid of a dog with persistent pleural effusion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1336-1340.
  268. Qin X. 2008. What is human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) more like: Johne's disease in cattle or IBD in dogs and cats? Inflamm Bowel Dis 14:138.
  269. Ragg JR, Moller H, Waldrup KA. 1995. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) infections in feral populations in cats (Felis catus), ferrets (Mustela furo) and stoats (Mustelae erminea) in Otago and Southland, New Zealand. N Z Vet J 43:328-332.
  270. Ralph H. 1979. Mycobacterial granuloma in dogs. Proc Post Grad Foundation Vet Sci Univ Sydney 37:157-164.
  271. Ramiro-Ibanez F, Foley JE, Gross TL. 2004. Rhodococcus spp. as ubiquitous contaminants of paraffin-embedded tissue in PCR analysis for Mycobacterium spp. skin infections. Vet Dermatol 15:17.
  272. Realini L, De Ridder K, Palomino J-C, et al. 1998. Microaerophilic conditions promote growth of Mycobacterium genavense. J Clin Microbiol 36:2565-2570.
  273. Rhodes SG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Gunn-Moore D, et al. 2008. Adaptation of IFN-gamma ELISA and ELISPOT tests for feline tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 124:379-384.
  274. Rhodes SG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Gunn-Moore D, et al. 2008. Interferon-γ test for feline tuberculosis. Vet Rec 162:453-455.
  275. Robinson M. 1975. Skin granuloma of cats associated with acid-fast bacilli. J Small Anim Pract 16:563-567.
  276. Roccabianca P, Caniatti M, Scanziani E, et al. 1996. Feline leprosy: spontaneous remission in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:189-193.
  277. Rojas-Espinosa O, Lovic M. 2001. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections in domestic and wild animals. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 20:219-251.
  278. Runyon EH. 1970. Identification of mycobacterial pathogens utilizing colony characteristics. Am J Clin Pathol 54:578-586.
  279. Rupp ME, Schultz AW, Davis JC. 1994. Discordance between tuberculin skin test results with two commercial purified protein derivative preparations. J Infect Dis 169:1174-1175.
  280. Safidar A, Armstrong D, Murray HW. 2003. A novel defect in interferon-γ secretion in patients with refractory nontuberculous pulmonary mycobacteriosis. Ann Intern Med 138:521.
  281. Sameh Y, Archambault M, Parker W, et al. 2002. Pyogranulomatous panniculitis in a cat associated with infection by the Mycobacterium fortuitum/peregrinum group. Can Vet J 43:285-287.
  282. Santoro D, Prisco M, Ciaramella P. 2008. Cutaneous sterile granulomas/pyogranulomas, leishmaniasis and mycobacterial infections. J Small Anim Pract 49:552-561.
  283. Scanlon MP, Quinn PF. 2000. The survival of Mycobacterium bovis in sterilized cattle slurry and its relevance to the persistence of this pathogen in the environment. Irish Vet J 53:412-415.
  284. Schiefer B, Gee BR, Ward GE. 1974. A disease resembling feline leprosy in Western Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:1085-1087.
  285. Schiefer HB, Middleton DM. 1983. Experimental transmission of a feline mycobacterial skin disease (feline leprosy). Vet Pathol 20:460-471.
  286. Schmidbauer SM, Wohlsein P, Kirpal G, et al. 2007. Outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a wild animal park. Vet Rec 161:304-307.
  287. Scott-Smith D, Lindholm-Levy P, Huitt SA, et al. 2002. Mycobacterium terrae: case reports, literature review, and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing. Clin Infect Dis 30:444-453.
  288. Seiler P, Ulrichs T, Bandermann S. 2003. Cell-wall alterations as an attribute of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in latent infection. J Infect Dis 188:1326-1331.
  289. Shackelford C, Reed W. 1989. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2:273-275.
  290. Shafran SD, Singer J, Zarowny DP, et al. 1996. A comparison of two regimens for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in AIDS. N Engl J Med 335:377-383.
  291. Sharp SE, Lemes M, Sierra SG, et al. 2001. Lowenstein-Jensen media. No longer necessary for mycobacterial isolation. Am J Clin Pathol 115:615-617.
  292. Shrikrishna D, de la Rua-Domenech R, Smith NH, et al. 2009. Human and canine pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis infection in the same household: re-emergence of an old zoonotic threat? Thorax 64:89-91.
  293. Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Sessions JK, Sanchez S, et al. 2007. Long-term cure of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a cat. Vet Rec 160:131-132.
  294. Smith NM, Crawshaw T, Parry J, et al. 2009. Mycobacterium microti: more diverse than previously thought. J Clin Microbiol 47:2551-2559.
  295. Smith RIE. 1973. Canine skin tuberculosis. Rhod Vet J 3:63-64
  296. Smith RIE. 1979. Canine mycobacterial skin granuloma. Rhod Vet J 10:24.
  297. Southern PM. 2004. Tenosynovitis caused by Mycobacterium kansasii associated with a dog bit. Am J Med Sci 327:258-261.
  298. Stabel JR, Bannantine JP. 2005. Development of a nested PCR method targeting a unique multicopy element, ISMap02, for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples. J Clin Microbiol 43:4744-4750.
  299. Stabel JR, Bosworth TL, Kirkbride TA, et al. 2004. A simple, rapid, and effective method for the extraction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA from fecal samples for polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 16:22-30.
  300. St. Amand AL, Frank DN, De Groote MA, et al. 2005. Use of specific rRNA oligonucleotide probes for microscopic detection of Mycobacterium avium complex organisms in tissue. J Clin Microbiol 43:1505-1514.
  301. Steiger K, Ellenberger C, Schüppel KF, et al. 2003. [Uncommon mycobacterial infections in domestic and zoo animals: four cases with special emphasis on pathology]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 110:382-388.
  302. Stevenson K, Howie FE, Low JC, et al. 1998. Feline skin granuloma associated with Mycobacterium avium. Vet Rec 143:109-110.
  303. Stewart LJ, White SD, Kennedy FA, et al. 1993. Case report: cutaneous Mycobacterium avium infection in a cat. Vet Dermatol 4:87-90.
  304. Studdert VP, Hughes KL. 1992. Treatment of opportunistic mycobacterial infections with enrofloxacin in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1388-1390.
  305. Sykes JE, Cannon AB, Norris AJ, et al. 2007. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 21:1108-1112.
  306. Talbot EA, Perkins MD, Fagundes S, et al. 1997. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin disease after vaccination: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 24:1139-1146.
  307. Tanner M, Michel AL. 1999. Investigation of the viability of M. bovis under different environmental conditions in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 66:185-190.
  308. Thoen CO, Steele JH, Gilsdorf J (eds). 2006. Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans, ed 2. Blackwell Publishers, Boston.
  309. Thompson EJ, Little PB, Cordes DO. 1979. Observations of cat leprosy. N Z Vet J 27:233-235.
  310. Thomson JR, Mollison N, Matthews KP. 1988. An investigation of mastitis due to S. agalactiae, S. uberis and M. smegmatis in a dairy herd. Vet Rec 122:271-274.
  311. Thomson LM, Traore H, Yesilkaya H, et al. 2005. An extremely rapid and simple DNA-release methods for detection of M. tuberculosis from clinical specimens. J Microbiol Methods 63:95-98.
  312. Thorel MF, Boisvert H. 1974. Abscess due to Mycobacterium chelonei in a cat. B Acad Vet France 47:415-422.
  313. Thorel MF, Karoui C, Varnerot A, et al. 1998. Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from baboons, leopards and a sea-lion. Vet Res 29:207-212.
  314. Thoresen OF, Saxegaard F. 1993. Comparative use of DNA probes for Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare and serotyping for identification and characterization of animal isolates of the M. avium complex. Vet Microbiol 34:83-88.
  315. Tortoli E. 2003. Latin grammar headaches. J Clin Microbiol 41:5838.
  316. Tortoli E. 2003. Impact of genotypic studies in mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:319-354.
  317. Turinelli V, Ledieu D, Guilbaud L, et al. 2004. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a dog from Africa. Vet Clin Pathol 33:177-181.
  318. Turnwald GH, Pechman RD, Turk JR, et al. 1988. Survival of a dog with pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:64-66.
  319. Tvedten HW, Walker RD, DiPinto NM. 1990. Mycobacterium bacteremia in a dog: diagnosis of septicemia by microscopical evaluation of blood. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:359-363.
  320. Twomey LN, Wuerz JA, Alleman R. 2005. A "down under" lesion on the muzzle of a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 34:161-163.
  321. Une Y, Mori T. 2007. Tuberculosis as a zoonosis from a veterinary perspective. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 30:415-425.
  322. Van der Burgt GM, Crawshaw T, Foster AP, et al. 2009. Mycobacterium bovis infection in dogs. Vet Rec 165:634.
  323. Van Dorssen CA. 1960. Mycobacterium microti in a cat. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 85:404-412.
  324. 313a. van Helden PD, Parsons SDC, van Pittius NCG. 2010. Emerging mycobacteria in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 80:210-214.
  325. Van Soolingen D, de Haas PEW, Haagsma J, et al. 1994. Use of various genetic markers in differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis strains from animals and humans and for studying epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 32:2425-2433.
  326. Van Soolingen D, van der Zanden AG, de Haas PE, et al. 1998. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium microti infections among humans by using novel genetic markers. J Clin Microbiol 36:1840-1845.
  327. Van Zyl A, Daniel J, Wayne J, et al. 2010. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in two horses in south-eastern Australia. Aust Vet J 88:101-106.
  328. Vaneechoutte M, De Beenhouwer H, Claeys G, et al. 1993. Identification of Mycobacterium species by using amplified ribosomal RNA restriction analysis. J Clin Microbiol 31:2061-2065.
  329. Vos MC, de Haas PEW, Verbrugh HA, et al. 2003. Nosocomial Mycobacterium bovis-bacille Calmette-Guérin infections due to contamination of chemotherapeutics: case finding and route of transmission. J Infect Dis 188:1322-1325.
  330. Waecker NJ, Stefanova R, Cave MD, et al. 2000. Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin to children receiving cancer therapy and to their health care providers. Clin Infect Dis 30:356-362.
  331. Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Onyi GO. 1992. Skin, soft tissue, and bone infections due to Mycobacterium chelonae chelonae: importance of prior corticosteroid therapy, frequency of disseminated infections, and resistance to oral antimicrobials other than clarithromycin. J Infect Dis 166:405-412.
  332. Whitbread TJ. 1993. Mycobacterial infection in cats [letter]. Vet Rec 132:492.
  333. White PD, Kowalski JT. 1991. Enrofloxacin response of cutaneous atypical mycobacterial infection in two cats, p 95. In Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Dermatologists and the American College of Veterinary Dermatologists, Scottsdale, AZ.
  334. White SD, Ihrke PJ, Stannard AA, et al. 1983. Cutaneous atypical mycobacteriosis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1218-1222.
  335. Whitform H, 1981. Mycobacterium chelonei infection in a dog. Southwest Vet 34:93.
  336. Wickham N. 1973. Mycobacterial granulomas in the skin of the dog. Rat leprosy? University of Sydney Postgraduate Committee of Veterinary Science. Control Ther 212:1.
  337. Wilkins MJ, Bartlett PC, Berry DE, et al. 2008. Absence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in dogs and cats residing on infected cattle farms: Michigan, 2002. Epidemiol Infect 136:1617-1623.
  338. Wilkinson GT. 1964. A non-tuberculous granuloma of the cat associated with an acid-fast bacillus. Vet Rec 76:777-778.
  339. Wilkinson GT, Kelly WR, O’Boyle D. 1978. Cutaneous granulomas associated with Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 19:357-362.
  340. Wilkinson GT, Kelly WR, O’Boyle D. 1982. Pyogranulomatous panniculitis in cats due to Mycobacterium smegmatis. Aust Vet J 58:77-78.
  341. Wilkinson GT, Mason KV. 1991. Clinical aspects of mycobacterial infections of the skin, pp 129-136. In August JR (ed): Consultations in feline internal medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
  342. Woods GL. 2000. Susceptibility testing for mycobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 31:1209-1215.
  343. Wray C. 1975. Survival and spread of pathogenic bacteria of veterinary importance within the environment. Vet Bull 45:543-550
  344. Wylie KB, Lewis DD, Pechman RD, et al. 1993. Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with Mycobacterium fortuitum pneumonia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1986-1988.
  345. Yager JA, Scott DW. 1993. The skin and appendages, pp 531-738. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer U (eds): Pathology of domestic animals, vol 1, ed 4. Academic Press, San Diego.
  346. Youssef S, Archambault M, Parker W, et al. 2002. Pyogranulomatous panniculitis in a cat associated with infection by the Mycobacterium fortuitum/peregrinum group. Can Vet J 43:285-287.
  347. Xavier Emmanuel F, Seagar AL, Doig C, et al. 2007. Human and animal infections with Mycobacterium microti, Scotland. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1924-1927.
  348. Zeiss CJ, Jardine J, Huchzermeyer H. 1994. A case of disseminated tuberculosis in a dog caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:419-424.
  349. Zumarraga MJ, Vivot MM, Marticorena D, et al. 2009. Mycobacterium bovis in Argentina: isolates from cats typified by spoligotyping. Rev Argent Microbiol 41:215-217.